A polarising filter is often placed in front of the camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea.
Since reflections (and sky-light) tend to be at least partially linearly-polarised, a linear polariser can be used to change the balance of the light in the photograph. The rotational orientation of the filter is adjusted for the preferred artistic effect. For modern cameras, a circular polariser (product labelling abbreviation: CPL) is typically used; this comprises firstly a linear polariser which performs the artistic function just described, followed by a quarter-wave plate which further transforms the now-linearly polarised light into circularly-polarised light before entering the camera. This additional step avoids problems with auto-focus and light-metering sensors within some cameras, which otherwise may not function reliably with a simple linear polariser.
A brief Overview of the Gear I use
Features: 24.2 (total 24.7) megapixel DX-format CMOS sensor with 12 bit resolution, made by Nikon 1080p Full HD movie mode Nikon Expeed 3 image/video processor Active D-Lighting Automatic chromatic aberration correction Image Sensor Cleaning function by vibrations and Airflow Control System Image area Pixels is the DX Format which can be adjusted to (Large) 6,016 × 4,000 (Medium) 4,512 × 3,000 (Small) 3,008 × 2,000 Storage media is either SD, SDHC or SDXC, UHS-I bus mode, and Eye-Fi Wireless LAN GPS interface for direct geotagging supported by Nikon GP-1.
The dynamic range of the Nikon D3200 (Expeed 3 named Expeed 2 type, 14 bits reduced to 12 bits) exceeds even full-frame DSLRs like Nikon D3S (Expeed 2 named Expeed (1) type, 14 bits) or Canon 5D MK3 (DIGIC 5+, 14 bits) at low film speeds (ISO 100 and ISO 200) due to reduced effective resolution of the analog-to-digital converters. The D3200 features no automatic exposure bracketing. The very high dynamic range of the Nikon D3200 makes it possible to shoot high dynamic range images (HDR, mostly created by combining multiple images with different exposures) with one shot, especially when using raw image format. The one-shot HDR method also avoids disadvantages like blurring, ghost images or other errors when merging multiple images.
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The Nikon D7200 is a 24-megapixel APS-C digital single-lens reflex camera announced by Nikon on March 2, 2015. It started shipping on March 19. The D7200 was superseded by the Nikon D7500, announced on April 12, 2017. The D7200 is equipped with features intended for semi-professional use (two SD card slots, the availability of a battery grip, and metering support for old manual focus Nikon AI type (Non-CPU) lenses), which have been removed from the D7500. Being the successor of the Nikon D7100 it has (among other things) the following enhancements:
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A brief Overview of the Gear I use
Nikon calls this the AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-140mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR.
7 rounded blades, stops down to f/22-38, 17 elements in 12 groups, one ED and one aspheric element, it's multicoated, which Nikon calls Nikon Integrated Coating.
Coverage DX only, focal Length 18-140mm, when used on a DX camera, it sees angles of view similar to what a 28-200mm lens sees when used on an FX or 35mm camera, Angle of View 76° - 11.5° diagonally on DX, close Focus 1.48 feet (0.45 meters) from the image plane, Maximum Reproduction Ratio 1:4.3. (0.23x), filter thread 67mm, does not rotate, vibration reduction (VR), claims 4 stops improvement, size Nikon specifies 3.1" (78 mm) diameter by 3.8" (97 mm) extension from flange.
Capable of macro photography, this lens has a 1:2 maximum close-up magnification at the 300 mm focal length. It's the ideal high performance lens for portraits, sports photography, nature photography, and other types of photography that frequently use the telephoto range. It also has a switch for changeover to macro photography at focal lengths between 200mm and 300mm with a maximum close-up magnification from 1:2.9 to 1:2.SLD (Special Low Dispersion) glass in this lens provides excellent correction of chromatic aberration.
It is capable of macro photography with a 1:2 maximum close-up magnification at the 300mm focal length. The minimum focusing distance is 1.5 m/59 inches at all zoom settings. It also has a switch for changeover to macro photography at focal lengths between 200mm and 300mm with a maximum close-up magnification from 1:2.9 to 1:2 and a minimum focusing distance of 95cm (37.4 inches).
Tamron’s 10-24mm f/3.5-4.5 Di II VC HLD is its third-generation wide-angle zoom for DSLRs with APS-C format sensors, and is completely new design compared to its previous 10-24mm f/3.5-4.5 lens.The most eye-catching addition is optical image stabilisation in the shape of Tamron’s Vibration Compensation (VC) system. This is said to allow hand-held shooting at shutter speeds that are four stops slower than would otherwise be possible without an end result of blurred pictures due to camera shake.
Tamron has included some other goodies too, including a moisture-resistant construction that outdoor photographers will welcome. Nikon users will find that the lens uses an electromagnetic diaphragm, which brings a number of operational benefits for live view and video. However, while this will work on all Nikon DSLRs introduced from 2010 onwards, it won’t with any that pre-date 2007.While older Tamron optics often underperformed with respect to autofocus, the latest generation is much improved. In this lens the company has used a new motor, the cryptically named High/Low torque-modulated drive (HLD), which works very well indeed.Autofocus is effectively silent and practically instantaneous, and I found it to be consistently accurate too. Overall, it’s as strong a performer in this respect as we’d expect from a modern lens, and a clear improvement on the previous generation.
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Sigma's choice of F1.8 as maximum aperture isn't a coincidence; it means that the lens will offer the same control over depth of field as an F2.8 zoom does on full frame. What's more, combined with an APS-C sensor, the system will also offer effectively the same light-gathering capability as an F2.8 lens on full frame. The Sigma 18-35 has separate zoom and focusing rings, as well as marked focal lengths (18, 20, 24, 28, 35mm) and a focusing scale.
This is an amazingly sharp lens, even wide open at ƒ/1.8, which is typically not the case with very wide-aperture lenses. At 18mm and ƒ/1.8, the Sigma shows very little corner softness and a good portion of the centre and middle of the frame are very sharp indeed. As we've seen time and again, very wide-aperture lenses (> ƒ/2.8) can often show significant corner softness when used at their widest apertures, but the Sigma 18-35 not one of them. In this respect, it beats even many fast prime lenses in its focal length range. Stopping down at the wide end, between ƒ/2 and ƒ/2.8 appears to be the sweet spot, in terms of centre sharpness. At ƒ/2.8, the overall frame appears extremely sharp. Even stopping all the way down to ƒ/16, diffraction limiting is really quite minimal. As you can see in the Blur Index graph at right, variances in sharpness remain minimal at all apertures as you zoom out to 35mm. Even at 35mm at ƒ/16, diffraction effects are not significant. Overall, sharpness results for this lens are nothing short of stunning.
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